Question Two: Shariah Transactions

Expanded Mind Maps for Questions 2(a) and 2(b)

2(a) Mind Map: How Istisna' Boosts Economy

Istisna' Contract
(Manufacturing)
- Financial
  Flexibility
  - Vs. Bai' Salam
    - No full advance payment required.
    - Price paid in installments/progress.
  - Cash Flow
    - Helps contractors with liquidity.
    - Reduces burden on buyers (deferred pay).
- Infrastructure
  Development
  - Key Sectors
    - Housing (Residential projects).
    - Public Works (Highways/Bridges).
  - Bank Role
    - Parallel Istisna' (Bank as intermediary).
    - Bank finances construction phase.
- Market
  Stability
  - Production
    - Encourages local manufacturing.
    - Links supply directly to demand.
  - Certainty
    - Project details fixed upfront.
    - Reduces project abandonment risks.

2(b) Mind Map: Importance of Ethics in Istisna'

Ethics in
Istisna'
- Transparency
  (As-Sidq)
  - Avoid Gharar
    - Must specify quality/quantity clearly.
    - No hidden defects or vague terms.
  - Documentation
    - Clear written contracts required.
- Trust
  (Amanah)
  - Quality
    - Manufacturer must meet agreed specs.
    - Buyer option to reject if defects found.
  - Integrity
    - No cutting corners on materials.
- Promises
  (Awfoo)
  - Irrevocable
    - Once signed, parties are bound.
    - "O you who believe, fulfill contracts."
  - Timeliness
    - Delivery date must be respected.
- Justice
  (Adl)
  - Prevent Zulm
    - Fair pricing for the work done.
    - Preventing delay in payments.
  - Mutual Benefit
    - Both maker and buyer should profit/gain.